Embracing the Study of Paradoxes: A Social Systems Perspective of International Law’s Regulation of Transboundary Waters

本文是关于“悖论”的研究。与传统观点不同，本文旨在迎合新时代的精神，重新认识悖论的存在和发挥作用的方式。以下是一个悖论的例子：当一位律师想知道“合法性和非法性”这一区别本身是否合法时，尽管他手头上缺乏完整充分信息，他却仍然在这种情况下被迫作出自己的判断。在调整跨界水的国际法规范中最突出的悖论就是由分化的主权观念中所产生的矛盾性期望。这也是为什么我们不难理解，为何国际法学者在学术上经常处于不安的状况中。尤其是考虑到公平合理利用原则，作为国际法学界面对跨界水领域问题所能提供的最为实体性的回应，却未能给解决问题提供任何答案——因为该原则尝试将所有情况涵括在内，结果却是什么情况都无法涵括在内。甚至在某...This text aspires to fully embrace the spirit of the new era. This being the paradox of when for example a lawyer wonders whether the distinction between legality and illegality is in itself legal, but nevertheless is forced to select A over B, despite having lack of full information. In the field of international law’s regulation of transboundary waters, the context of this text, the most promine...学位：法学博士院系专业：法学院_国际法学学号：1292012015403

Analysis of the optimum extraction system design for the separation and purification of rare earths

A mathematical model for the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the lanthanide and yttrium oxides in the nitric acid - water - tributyl phosphate (HNO3-H2O-TBP) two-phase system has been developed. This model is based on the interrelationships of chemical reactions, phase equilibrium, and material balance. The chemical reactions were modelled using experimentally derived empirical equations for components involved. The distribution coefficients of 16 rare earths which were experimentally determined. by UK Harwell Laboratory were used to evaluate the parameters of this equilibrium model. Once model parameters are determined, material balance for all species in the HNO3-H2O-TBP two-phase system can be accomplished simultaneously. The developed equilibrium model was validated by a published experimental extraction system for the separation and purification of specific component from the mixture of lanthanide and yttrium elements. This model was used for analyzing the minimum production cost of extraction systems for (1) separation and purification of europium from the lanthanide and yttrium mineral sample; and (2) purification of yttrium from the mixture of lutetium, ytterbium and yttrium

A Review of Efforts towards Achieving Carbon Negativity

The purpose of this study is to better understand different approaches to achieving carbon negativity, in which more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and oceans by a process in comparison to what is released. This was examined by analyzing 287 submissions to the XPRIZE Carbon Removal competition, a four year contest focused on approaches to removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and oceans on a gigaton scale. The 287 teams analyzed were Qualified Competitors, meaning they demonstrated a working carbon removal solution, estimated costs at full scale, and made a case and plan for scaling and deploying their solutions at megaton or gigaton per year capacity. Results showed that 129 teams used agriculture and forestry in their approaches, while 59 used new technology, 52 used chemical approaches, 49 used Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology, 45 used the cultivation of ocean plants, 39 used geology, 38 used biochar, 29 used burial and underground storage, and 14 used bamboo and hemp. The majority of teams fit into two or more categories, and only five teams did not provide enough information to be categorized. In conclusion, approaches to carbon dioxide removal incorporating agriculture and forestry are most widely used, but approaches from all categories need to be used in conjunction in order to eventually achieve carbon negativity

Making Use of Paradoxes: Law, Transboundary Hydropower Dams and Beyond the Technical

Law’s regulation of transboundary hydropower dams is a field of study brimming with paradoxes. The most notable being the paradox of a hydropower dam solving one problem and creating another. From a logical perspective, such a paradox would typically be viewed as an obstacle to be avoided because it brings everything to a standstill. But from a social perspective, paradoxes are not necessarily negative, as managing them also potentially enlightens and transforms planning systems. The latter perspective, which brings to analysis a kind of dynamism, is employed in this text. In order to work out the reoccurring patterns under which law might productively make use of paradoxes, this text therefore proposes the methodological tools of exposing and building upon paradoxes. Exposing paradoxes sets out to make more visible some of the unthought limitations, self-deceptions and self-contradictions which arise in modern planning practices, while building upon paradoxes attempts to open up headways towards a more adequate conceptualisation of the solutions which law can offer. The overall intention here being to offer a Luhmannian-inspired theoretical framework which illuminates the value of social systems theory as a methodological tool for describing the communicative challenges facing law’s regulation of transboundary hydropower power dams

An “Autopoetic” systems theory of law for Chinese Commercial Arbitration

在北京市区的一条小街里，坐落着一间汽车维修店。这间店为顾客提供的是一种积极主动的、顾客定制的服务。维修店的橱窗中的三角标志列举了三种服务类型选项：优质服务、快速服务、低价服务，允许顾客“任选其二”。有位身着黑色西服的男士走入了维修店。他看起来有点苦恼——原来他的车坏了。由于日程紧张，他迫切需要尽快修理好车辆。因此他选择了优质服务与快速服务，并支付了高价。几周后，这位男士来取车，结果却发现车仍未修好。惊慌之下，他质问维修店经理：“为什么我不能同时选择所有选项？”对此，经理只是微微一笑：“哈！你自己首先要愿意帮助我，那样我才能帮到你啊！” 当下的商事仲裁也经历着与这间维修店相似的情况，也面对...On a small street in downtown Beijing stands a car repair shop with a proactive approach for customised service. In the window, a triangular sign links three options: high quality, fast service, low price. “Pick any two”. Meanwhile a man in a black suit walks in distressed that his car has just broken down. Seeking repairs and on a tight schedule, the man opts for high quality and fast service but...学位：法学博士院系专业：法学院法律系_民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)学号：1292010115431

Making paradoxes invisible: international law as an autopoietic system

When a state claims its practices are lawful but at the same time another claims this unlawful, a paradox emerges. Legal indeterminacy becomes the ordinary rule, while the resolution of disputes is designated the exception. To illustrate how international law deals with paradoxes, this paper will employ the dichotomy of upstream–downstream trans-boundary interstate relations. Here the paradox arises, since upstream states traditionally advocate for the free utilisation of water within their territory, while downstream states instead advocate for the waters full continued flow. Although, from a logical perspective, such a paradox would typically be viewed as something negative, from a social perspective, paradoxes also draw attention to the frames of common sense. Indeed, by employing a Luhmannian-inspired theoretical framework, this paper proposes that, through a sociological understanding of paradoxes, one can more adequately rediscover and reconceptualise the manner in which international law institutionalises conflicting expectations into a more harmless, bounded and permitted contradiction

Quantum error correction with metastable states of trapped ions using erasure conversion

Erasures, or errors with known locations, are a more favorable type of error for quantum error-correcting codes than Pauli errors. Converting physical noise into erasures can significantly improve the performance of quantum error correction. Here we apply the idea of performing erasure conversion by encoding qubits into metastable atomic states, proposed by Wu, Kolkowitz, Puri, and Thompson [Nat. Comm. 13, 4657 (2022)], to trapped ions. We suggest an erasure-conversion scheme for metastable trapped-ion qubits and develop a detailed model of various types of errors. We then compare the logical performance of ground and metastable qubits on the surface code under various physical constraints, and conclude that metastable qubits may outperform ground qubits when the achievable laser power is larger for metastable qubits.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figure